Do any Manileños remember what happened between February and March 68 years ago when two powers – Japan and the United States – turned the Philippine capital into a battleground?
Manila’s population was decimated and centuries of historic treasures were lost forever.
In remembrance of this tragedy, I would like to share with you today a piece that my hubby Alan wrote on the Battle of Manila.
It is also good to remember this in the light of present events – as Japan and the Philippines cozy up to each other and Manila pressures the US into taking sides in the West Philippine Sea conflict.
The month Manila died
by Alan C. Robles
Hot Manila
It was meant to be liberation. Instead it became obliteration.
Between February and March, 1945, Japanese and American troops fighting for possession of Manila slaughtered at least 100,000 Filipinos who’d been expecting deliverance. Manila was flattened. By the time the fighting ended, one of Asia’s most beautiful cities was reduced to acres of debris, ash and heaps of rubble. The only things standing were burned, blackened stumps and hollowed out shells of buildings.
It was an apocalpyse the city’s inhabitants hadn’t expected. When 1945 started, many Filipinos were looking forward to being freed from the grasp of a cruel conqueror. In 1942, Japanese invaders had defeated a US army composed largely of Filipinos, most of them untrained. The Japanese had promised an “Asia for the Asians” in a “Co-Prosperity Sphere” free of white imperialists. Instead they simply imposed their own imperialism, maltreating Filipinos, kidnapping women for use in mobile army brothels, seizing, torturing and murdering all who opposed the new rulers.
Now it was time for payback: the Americans, commanded by General Douglas Macarthur, had returned in overwhelming strength and Filipino guerrillas were flocking to join them. The Japanese navy and air force were shattered, the army driven back.
To read the rest, please click on this link…
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139 Comments on "Manila: Crushed between two powers"
the american “liberators” were too scared to engage the japanese in a house-to-house, street-to-street, man-to-man combat, so they decided to smash southern manila into smithereens with their relentless and indiscriminate bombings. american
cowardice, it was.
@john…if you’re not scared, go to youtube and watch WW II American soldiers in actions, documentary is it!
You mean america sent useless fighters? Bombings never finish off enemies in cities.
You’re right. It’s always the case. Bombings will never completely oblitirate the enemy. There should be house-to-house, building-to-building sweep to rid of all enemies. It’s the same case in Iraq and other wars. The sad fact is, americans let “natives” do this dirty and dangerous job.
Tell that to the wives and parents and kids of the hundreds of thousands of dead Americans buried in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. And the Philippines.
@ric…erase that belief of yours that “The sad fact is, americans let “natives” do this dirty and dangerous job.” Simply NOT TRUE! If you keep ‘living’ with that belief, one chance in life YOU might be really doing that for an American!
Thank You for sharing this article Raissa. This reminds me some stories of my grandmother during her younger years when she saw japanese atrocities in labores pandacan.
This is one of the reasons i still believe and trust Pnoy and Sec. Albert Del Rosario.
They walk the talk and fight for our sovereignty in a peaceful way. With the current news regarding china declining the arbitration. It seems the 9-dash line was a theory all along.
Emperor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Htr2B1EBj4
Interesting, your throwaway line about MacArthur. You do know that many Filipinos worship him as a god?
At that time, it was estimated than an invasion of the Japanese mainland would cost the Allies at least a MILLION casualties. Can you imagine the kind of reprisals that could have been exacted on the Philippine population had the Allies decided to skip the Philippines and attack Japan first? Has anyone though about that?
Of course, today this is just rhetorical question… but with the savage cruelty of the Japanese forces at that time, it is not far-fetched to imagine what they could have done to the Philippines and its population even if the allied invasion had gotten stalled a bit.(like in Normany).
This Asia co-prosperity sphere garbage as imagined by the Japs then, is still being pursued today in the form of ODA loans and other “assistance” for projects, all of which continue to be grossly disadvantageous to the tax-paying public because of “tong-pats” and “bukols” – to borrow from Jun Lozada’s seemingly forgotten revelation in times past.
Ergo, Japan’s failure to annex the Philippines and consumate its imperialistic ambition during the ’40s never prevented it to do the same today, albeit, in the form of “economic invasion” of its debtor-countries….
if I remember correctly, we have mariano del castillo (S.C. justice who was said to have plagiarized excepts of his ruling) to thank for. pinays who were made japanese comfort women lost out on compensation.
war is brutal. when americans dropped H-bomb in hiroshima and nagasaki, majority of the civilians in japan perished.
during the war, my lolo was a hukbalahap. pensyonado siya ngayon, receiving pension from veterans.
when yamashita left our country, is it true that he left behind tons of gold which ex-president ferninand marcos was supposed to have found? at one stage, ferdinand marcos was accused to being japanese collaborator.
The Yamashita treasure is almost certainly an urban legend.
What seems to be true is that Marcos was a collaborator, Primitivo Mijares mentioned this in Conjugal Dictatorship. Marcos was a liar through and through, who fabricated a war record involving battles he had never been in. I read in one book that his father was executed by the guerrillas as a Japanese collaborator.
Pretty elaborate legend. jcc34(dot)wordpress(dot)com/2012/08/26/japans-loot-shapes-its-economy-marcoss-loot-his-personal-fortune/
I once googled Marcos Gold and there are heaps of reference about it, but still not believable. By long shot, if that Yamashita Treasures existed, the triumvirate…Marcos; Enrile; Ramos, must have a good chunk of them. It is very much possible though, that they brought forward this gold thing to cove rup their track, and to make it look that their billions come from this treasures.
The Golden Buddha and Roger Rojas matter reached the Hawaiian Court, and the ruling went in favor of the rojas Estate.
Yamashita did’nt left our country alive. He was hanged in Los Banos, Laguna.
thanks, alan, joeam, rolly and vibora above. I’m glad ex-president ferdinand marcos is denied burial plot at the libingan ng mga bayani. though that could change after PNoy leave the office. once again, thanks.
my maternal grandmother was born of a Japanese mother and an American father and although my grandfather was pure Filipino, everyone, chose to see my mother as “anak ng Hapon”… it was a terrible time for my mother and her two brothers.
Sounds like there is a very good story there
Admiral Dewey promised Aguinaldo that the US would support Philippine independence, but then Dewey ran into a different reality in Washington. America was afraid that the Philippines was not strong enough to stand on its own, largely because of the bitter infighting among Filipinos. So Dewey changed his mind and went against independence. The US did not want the Philippines to fall to other nations, and so concocted various ways to take over.
My record shows that Dewey lost one man in the naval battle that distroyed the Spanish fleet, but I think it was from injury rather than combat.
It was imperialism in Washington, yes, but I don’t think it was with Dewey. He is on record in support of Philippine self rule on June 27, 1898 ((Hubert H. Bancroft, Volume I, The Great Republic by the Master Historians, early 1900’s) Dewey had a hard time with Pratt and with the way the war was run by the army. But he was an obedient soldier. He was grilled in Congress about his change in view and the dialogue was most interesting.
I refer you to my article about the subject from a few years ago: thesocietyofhonor(dot)blogspot(dot)com/p/fire-when-ready-gridley(dot)html
Why was the economy of South Korea tremendously BOOMs upward to the top after world war 2 even though they were an ally of Imperial Japan who also LOST the war ,WHILE the Philippines SINKs deeply almost to the level of EAST PAKISTAN on some period of time after Worl War and an ALLY of the VICTORIOUS AMERICANs.?
I still remember during the 60’s US aid flooded us with US foods like oat meals, powdered milks and etc., sometime expired and soon to expire rations he he , we accepted and consumed it. WAWA Filipinos…
@Victin Luz
Nationalism and patriotism run in the veins of the Japanese and South Koreans as they rebuilt their nations. IMHO, latter Filipino leaders merely uttered nationalism and patriotism.
Your very right, @Victin Luz
While the Japs and Korean were very nationalistic our, leader during that time started the corrupt ways. It was self interest of MLQ, that he insisted for independence from the USA. If we look back how and what would you think would the Philippines be now if we became a part of the USA, that a big ?, anyway no use in crying over a spilt milk that is history na.
@davide
@Victin Luz
Tama naman, it is history. It’s a good thing (per news report and statistics) the Philippines is doing better under PNoy administration. But his term ends in 2016, will his successor do the same or even aspire to surpass his kind of governance?
See the discussion part of this blog to understand that the Philippines was treated by the US after the war the same way Manila was treated during the war, with ruthless disregard:
http://thesocietyofhonor(dot)blogspot(dot)com/2013/01/post-wwii-shabby-us-treatment-of(dot)html
See the discussion part of this blog to understand that the Philippines was treated by the US after the war the same way Manila was treated during the war, with ruthless disregard:
thesocietyofhonor(dot)blogspot(dot)com/2013/01/post-wwii-shabby-us-treatment-of(dot)html
Because the Japanese asked America to “REBUILD” their country.
Whereas, our leaders did the opposite. They asked for “PAYMENT” for the war damages. Payment in the form of money which was never fully spent for the rebuilding of a war-torn nation.
That is according to my old man who was fascinated by the war planes when he was a kid.
…to continue
We can only do so much with a little HOPE. Really, the fault is on us, all of us people and leaders. How many are like Carlos Celdran? One.
How many are like our senators and congressmen, atbpa? ? Fifty thousands? It’s like: if a basket has 1000 eggs and 200 of that are rotten, what happens to the 800 remaining? In due time, the 800 are bad eggs too!
So, …what’s next for our country? I don’t know. And who knows?
further continue –
this link will read that Senate panels are too many, duplicating the work of other panels…why? More money when there are more useless panels…
“Senate leaders are leaving it to the next batch of senators in the 16th Congress to decide whether or not to trim the present 35 oversight committees that have duplicate functions.”
Why can’t senators see this thing? They can’t because more money for each senator! Our MONEY! Corruption even in PANELS!
kaya po HINDI nyo masisisi ang karamihang Pili;pino na HUWAG NA MAKIALAM. dahil wala din naman mapupuntahan kung sino ang mananalo or magiging mga MAMBUBUTAS(ng kaban ng bayan)ilagn dekada na ang nakaraan ganun at ganun din. eto na naman mga kandidato na kinasuhan pero puede tumakbo sa halalan. sa dami ng pera nila SIGURADO mananalo sila. maliban pa sa TAKUTAN system. samantalang ang KABATAAN tuliro sa paghahanap ng hanapbuhay na kulang na kulang dito sa ating bansa. iilan lang ang nakikialam at nakakarami ang mga mapagsamantalang mamamayan.
maipag mamalaki pa ba na maging pinoy???
correction.. 800 rotten no. 900 rotten maybe 950 ahh..yes
mam leona, eto pa po ang isa balita. saan kumuha ng sangkatutak na dollares ang asawa ni lito lapid? nagtratrabaho ba sya at nakakapagdeposit sya ng ganuung kalaki araw araw sa iba ibang banko sa america?dollares ba ang sueldo ni lito lapid sa senado at puro dollar ang deposit ng asawa nya?
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/02/05/13/lito-lapids-wife-gets-3-years-probation
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/02/05/13/lito-lapids-wife-gets-3-years-probation
we kicked US in 1946 while Japan was under its wings for 20- years …
I’m not so sure about Japan being peaceful. By the 1940s the country had fallen into the malignant grip of fanatic nationalist militarists living in a fantasy world; the Army and the Navy were all powerful: military officers staged coups and assassinated government officials they didn’t like. The Pacific War was just an extension of the real war that mattered to Japan, the one in China. Japan fought the Pacific War so it could secure resources (oil, tin, rubber) to continue fighting in China. It kept most of its army in China during World War II.
@alan, i have heard and read stories of japanese soldiers throwing babies in the air and catching the babies with their bayonets during the war. I have also heard stories saying those were not japanese soldiers but koreans hired by japan during the war. Is this true? Or is this just a made up story to temper or eliminate the vicious reputation?
With the brewing conflict between China and Japan, will the “enemy of my enemy is my friend” work to the Philippines’ advantage in terms of at the very least military aid?
I’ve heard it too from my late grandparents that many babies were killed by bayonets. Grandma said that she got slapped one time when she wasn’t able to bow and greet the soldier kombanwa. My other set of grandparents said too that they gag the mouths of children and babies that time specially at night to avoid the ire of the soldiers. And the poor kids, they were crying due to hunger and fear of the dark – all lights, candles, or lamps had to be off or snuffed out.
@jeproks, kaya nga baka meron kayo alam na kandidato mula sa economic planner paki lista lang at tanggal sila sa mga boto ng OFW. gawan sana ng paraan ng mga nagpla plano na hindi matuloy itong bagbaba at sana isipin niila ang hirap ng mga OFW sa ibang bansa.
Reading the title alone, and until I read through the article, I thought you were referring to Erap and Lim come election time….hehehe
:)
That is a good one!
Darating din ang panahong iyon kapag natuloy ang labanan sa election ng dalawa.
It will be “The Clash of the Tatangs” not Titans.
This was the first thing that came into my mind, Manila between Dirty Harry and Asiong Salonga!
I was lucky enough to survive this devastation of the city. Thanks to my late father who thought of evacuating his family to Pangasinan. Immediately after the liberation of Manila, we returned before classes opened in July 1945! I saw how Manila was rebuilt
:-)
@ TOL,
TAMA KA, YON DIN ANG AKALA KO? SANA MAKAPAG SULAT SI MAM RAISSA NANG MGA KUWENTO TUNGKOL SA DALAWA….???
sir jorge, kapag nagsulat si mam raissa ng tungkol sa buhay ng 2 kandidato ng maynila. yung kay lim isang serye lang. yung kay erap ay naku teleserye sa haba. eh dami ng ka-(laguyo) dugtong ng buhay nya. baka magaway away ang mga yun dahil hindi magkakasunod ang maisusulat sigurado ni mam raissa. alam naman ng mga taga MANILA kung sino silang 2. hindi lihim ang katauhan nila. ang mananalo dyan ay kung MAGKANO ang halaga ng boto.
Senate just passed on third reading the anti-money laundering law after a long debate on – why should politically exposed persons be discriminated against by banks
b’coz they make and can legislate it into a Law. If the Ombudsman is successful in prosecuting corrupt politicians using their own anti-money laundering law, it has a better chance of prosecuting unsung or silent dirty money launderers. They are a better test case, most prolific as in Corona on a web deceit to hide his or their minions including their millions or billions up the ladder.
The back end of my website seems to be acting up a bit.
A lot of your comments are still landing in the SPAM section.
Please bear with me
Would you mind including an “edit then save” features of your blog? Just in case a correction is needed then save the corrected comments.
I remember my father was part of the death march after the fall of Bataan, POW at Camp O’donnel Capaz Tarlac. Many of his fellow soldiers were dying of hunger and illnesses, he decided to scape the prison camp after 2 months and then joint the guerrilla in Bicol Region…he is now 92 yrs. old and lives in Ligao, Albay, P.I….
wow, big grace of Allah, at 92 years that is a great gift, imagine, if he is watching on LCD screen for an MMK piece? or perhaps a world war II movie he he he, lucky lolo…
@Ed, if you can see your Dad oftener, do it. I know you miss him a lot. God bless your Dad and you & the family.
thank you leona…
@ed celis, sir masuerte ka hanggang ngayon buhay pa tatay mo. ako hindi ko namalayan ang tatay ko. 1 taong gulang ako namatay sa gyera ang tatay ko. sundalo sya. USAFFE. sa picture ko lang sya kilala. inggit ako sa iyo. pakimano mo ako sa tatay mo bilang pasa -ALAMAT SA PAGTATANGGOL NYA SA BANSA NATIN.
@pinay, salamat din sa tatay mo. hindi pa tapos ang laban nang ating mga magulang.
laban sa mga taong nagpapahirap sa ating kapwa pilipino. ang mga magnanakaw sa govierno, ang mga huwad na public servant at politico na nagpapayaman sa pagnanakaw nang pera ng taong-bayan. sila sila ang nakikinabang ng ginto at iba pang yaman ng lupang pilipinas. maraming pilipino ang namamatay sa gutom, walang tirahan at walang edukasyon. mga magnanakaw na nasa kapangyarihan ang may kasalanan, higit pa sa isang criminal. ipagpatuloy natin ang laban para makaahon sa kahirapan ang karamihan nating kababayan…
…for MANILENEOS…and it’s VOTERS, take good care of your CITY. Put and elect a GOOD HONEST MAYOR on May Elections 2013! If not, you’re gonna be SORRY !
Good luck! God bless MANILA CITY!
Naah, this time the people of manila will be a test case. If they will vote for Erap talagang basura ang utak ng karamihan ng pinoy in Manila. They will select an ex con, jueteng money taker etc.
@ Leona,
Tama ka, dapat na silang taga Manila na pumili nang kandidatong Matino at hindi kurapt…higit sa lahat ay huwag nang ibenta ang sagradong BOTO sa darating na election…
NO TO VOTE BUYING….
Undersecretary Manolo Quezon shares a diary by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero on the “Liberation” of Manila –
http://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1970/02/07/day-of-terror-fire-and-death-in-manila-in-1945-february-7-1970/
Guerrero translated the most popular versions of Rizal’s Noli and Fili into English.
It recently came alight that Guerrero’s translations had purged Rizal’s biting attacks against amoral priests.
Do not look at the nations or people, look at the systems, the processes that generated this atrocity. I think we all are capable of doing the same things, not only the “Japanese” or the “Germans” or the “Taliban”. This human beings were / are part of a immoral system with self-indulgent leadership. We should recognize what contributes to establishing these systems, what makes us electing these egoistic leaders. Elections are coming up.
This warrior spirit is common to Nazi’s and Taliban and many others, so is the believe that cruelty is a deterrent. Today’s generation of Japanese might be less militaristic, most Germans certainly are. Nations are more interwoven, the world a village. But some politicians want to play the nationalistic theme again.
You can definitely make that comparison between the Japanese military and Nazi German forces, particularly the SS. But even the Germans treated some war prisoners (Americans and Brits) better than others (Russians, Italians, Eastern Europeans). The Japanese were uniformly inhuman and barbaric to nearly ALL their prisoners – there are pictures of live Sikhs being used for target and bayonet practice.
As for nationalism, it’s a very useful tool for certain politicians around the world. It’s being used actively by China right now, if their English language press is any indicator.
I enjoy watching japanese movies (historical), during their bushido and samurai days. I could discern why they acted that way towards us as it was their way and code of being warriors. Life for them is nothing but to serve their country or their Shogun.
John T Pilot’s photostream…
http://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/
Thanks, @Baycas
And thanks in advance, @John T Pilot.
You’re welcome.
More images for Alan’s vivid words.
John Tewell is a retired American pilot, photographer, and collector.
Thanks a lot, John!
thanks for these pictures, baycas, Depressing. There was a documentary movie made in 2004, “The Battle of Manila” — at the end there’s a sort of director’s cut consisting of shots from a plane flying over Manila at the end of the war. It is truly heartbreaking, acres and acres of burned, hollow buildings and flattened city blocks.
I was about to type “Alan’s depressing words”. Changed it to “vivid” the last moment… :-(
Now, my train of thought on the previous thread got disrupted.
I hope Raissa wouldn’t have to use the same title referring to Sulu.
Here is a good documentary of WW2 from the people who live through the terror of war.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqMlo51U_KQ
You can check the author’s (kar98k1000) channel to watch the complete episodes.
I agree ” NO TO VOTE BUYING ” But also ” SELECT ” the ” BEST CANDIDATEs ” and ” DON’T VOTE STRAIGHT ” if some are ” ROTTEN “
@jorge,
may katwiran ka, ngunit dehado pa rin ang mga taong lokal at sambayanan.
ang pambansang gobyerno ay hindi angkop lang sa iilang pamilya o padrino.
eh di maging parliamentary na lang ang systema ng gobyerno na may monarchy. gaya sa Espana at UK.
Endemic breeds servitude. Less creative populace, on with the mill.
The case of San Mateo,Rizal mayoralty contest should be included in this move. This Eastern Rizal town hasn’t improved a wee bit in the last 30 or so years… It has been “headed” by ONE AND ONLY ONE FAMILY, it seems, since the arrival of Magellan in Mactan! HAHAHAHA!!
The incomebent mayor succeeded his departed 3-term mayor Dad…. Since this incomebent mayor can no longer run after HIS OWN 3rd and last term… who else would run to REPLACE HIM… BUT HIS DEARLY LOVED, EFFICIENT, EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SERVANT otherwise known as WIFE? SUSMARYOSEP!!!!
HALLELUJAH…. PISONG LUYA!!! KAWAWANG SAN MATEO, BAYAN NG RIZAL!!!!
Is that dynasty or die nasty?
:lol:
@ Augusto C.F.,
Mga Tao din ang dapat sisihin diyan sa san mateo, rizal kong bakit nangyayari ang ganyang sistema dahil hindi sila namili/naghalal nang kandidatong Maka DIYOS, Maka TAO at handang maglingkod nang TOTOO..
Nagkasya na marahil ang mga TAO sa mga pangakong napapako, Sa kaunting perang ibenigay kapalit nang kanilang BOTO, o higit sa lahat ay nagpaka BOBO…Gising na mga taga san mateo…
NO TO VOTE BUYING
Jorge, thanks for your rejoinder. MALI at TAMA ka. Mali, dahil hindi ako si AUGUSTO…. TAMA, dun sa observation mo na ang mga San Mateo voters din ang dapat sisihin dahil “NAGPAKABOBO” sila. Un ang dapat nilang BAGUHIN. Wala ako sa aming Bayang Tinubuan sa BUONG PANAHON ng panunungkulan ng incomebent family na yan. Sayang. Sana ay noon pa naituwid na ang kamaliang ito. Perto hindi pa huli. O pwede pang itama ang kamalian ng aking mga kababayan. Ika nga, HULI MAN DAW AT MAGALING… kung matinik ay malalim… whatever. Hehehe.;)
missed you Den.
Awwww.
I’m hetero Raissa…walang bawas.):
You’re welcome Den. Thanks for reading the article
I missed you guys as well. :) Got sidetracked by real work. Doing some catch up reading on all the posts I missed.
Welcome back.
It’s so easy to pass judgment on decisions made more than six than decades ago, using today’s realities as a benchmark. The prevailing conditions during that bygone era were vastly different. Let’s study the facts, so we don’t become easy prey for revisionists.
It’s far easier to blast away with pseudo facts and vague claims not supported by research or scholarship
http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/89277/yamashitas-guilt-korean-atrocity-other-misconceptions-about-liberation-of-manila
can’t paste my write up here
can somebody tell me how? it’s about stopping vote buying;
the KEY to the problem is the politicians BAGMEN.
It is not like it, but may be close to it. being like
illegal drug business where there are drug lords
and financiers, then the pushers and the addicted.
you can hardly stop the addicted because of their
need, but the drug lords and the pushers may be
stopped during election time. what says the other
CPMers?
PRAY tell me what is the meaning of this Ms. Raissa:
Mouse right click disabled(or any message you want)
is this happening to select people?
Could u explain some more what happened? Bec your post got posted. Thanks
I opened this page. then I wrote a piece using WORD, highlight it,
right click, pressed copy, then go to this page, then right click
the space for comments and got:Mouse right click disabled (or any
message you want)
Does this means, I can’t post anything I written in WORD? That
all postings HERE must be type here?
Okay I’ll try it again below and see what happens.
mouse right ciick disabled (or any message you want)
is WHAT I GOT AGAIN, the piece I wrote in WORD
can’t be pasted here.
thanks Raissa, hope this isn’t the SLOW GOOD BYE
BEING DONE by some quarters to your effective blog.
I thought I got it finally but it went somewhere, may be
the piece will appear here later or tomorrow after
cogitation and moderation.
that last try may have been cosidered
and sent to SPAM. and will need
resurrection.
PNOY must start the MUSIC ……in his KAMAGANAK ……if cash withdrawals can not be justified vs expenses during this election period , COMELEC must disqualify those candidates before the election day… AMLA …can provide the cash flow…Police and the Military can be tapped for any arrest if needed.
thanks victin luz for
the first ricochet?
the first echo?
the first push?
what about amendments to limit campaign contributions
5 million from corporations or groups or organizations
3 from individuals
given to both contesting candidates
TO ACHIEVE TRUE DEMOCRACY of a govt by, for, and of the people
NOT PEKENG DEMOCRACY by, for, and of the RICH
and members of the establishment and dynasties.
LET ME QUALIFY
NO INDIVIDUAL OR CORPORATION SHALL BE
ALLOWED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MORE THAN
ONE CANDIDATE FOR A GIVEN ELECTIVE POSITION.
One measure to put a stop to the JOKE
of EXPENSIVE ELECTIONS in the
Philippines.
Agree sir , there must be a limitation to the amount to be contributed and one candidate only for designated positions say Mayoral Position. Hindi pweding mamangka ka sa two or more candidates for Mayor by spreading your contributions to all of them…
AM SORRY ms raissa,allan and CPMers, I used a lot of space just
trying to post my ideas on vote buying and clean elections. Persistence
is what we need in our country because our foot pathways, roadways
and highways is littered with obstacles. Perhaps Ms Raissa can just delete
the duplications.
hello! HELLO! anybody home?
it’s now april, last posting was april 1?
what’s up, latest RAISSA’s piece section was scutlled
while the most commented were retained? what gives?
Changes doesn’t maintaining or encouraging entusiasm to CPMers
is this BLOGSITE already scuttled or was I just LOSR in cyberspace?
speak up guys!